As evidências apresentadas em ensaios clínicos randomizados – estudos que podem determinar uma relação de causa e efeito – comparando dietas de baixa gordura com dietas de baixo carboidrato, em sua maioria são favoráveis às dietas de baixo carboidrato.
Mais uma vez esclarecemos que dieta de baixo carboidrato é uma designação geral, que deve ser entendida como dar preferência aos alimentos naturais em detrimento de alimentos industrializados. devemos diminuir carboidratos de alto índice glicêmico e adotar um estilo alimentar com carnes, e vegetais folhosos não açucarados, o que não é um convite para dieta hiperproteica ou gordurosa.
Segue uma compilação de referências disponibilizadas pela “Public Health Collaboration” (oorganização sem fins lucrativos localizada na Inglaterra:
| Time Fram e Low Carb (LC) Low Fat (LF) Subjects
& Reference Weight Loss Weight Loss (LC v LF) |
|||
| 6 Months [1] | 8.5k g* | 3.9kg | 22 v 20 |
| 12 Months [2] | 4.3k g | 2.5kg | 20 v 17 |
| 6 Months [3] | 5.8k g* | 1.9kg | 43 v 36 |
| 12 Weeks [4] | 9.9k g* | 4.1kg | 16 v 14 |
| 12 Weeks [5] | 6.2k g* | 3.4kg | 22 v 23 |
| 24 Weeks [6] | 12.7k g* | 7.2kg | 46 v 34 |
| 30-50 Days [7] | 5.5k g* | 3.5kg | 28 v 28 |
| 10 Weeks [8] | 7.0k g | 6.8kg | 15 v 16 |
| 6 Weeks [9] | 6.2k g | 6.0kg | 16 v 16 |
| 6 Weeks [10] | 6.4k g* | 4.2kg | 12 v 11 |
| 3 Months [11] | 3.55k g* | 0.92kg | 40 v 39 |
| 12 Weeks [12] | 6.3k g | 5.3kg | 49 v 47 |
| 12 Months [13] | 4.7k g* | 2.2kg | 68 v 61 |
| 8 Weeks [14] | 7.8k g* | 6.4kg | 48 v 45 |
| 3 Months [15] | 6.9k g* | 2.1kg | 10 v 10 |
| 24 Weeks [16] | 11.1k g* | 6.9kg | 21 v 29 |
| 2 Y ears [17] | 5.5k g* | 3.3kg | 83 v 94 |
| 8 Weeks [18] | 7.5k g* | 6.2kg | 52 v 47 |
| 24 Weeks [19] | 11.9k g | 10.1kg | 45 v 43 |
| 12 Weeks [20] | 10.1k g* | 5.2kg | 20 v 20 |
| 12 Months [21] | 14.5k g | 11.5kg | 33 v 36 |
| 13 Weeks [22] | 13.2k g* | 7.3kg | 18 v 15 |
| 24 Months [23] | 3.6k g | 3.1kg | 31 v 30 |
| 3 Months [24] | 5.5k g* | 2.6kg | 15 v 18 |
| 12 Months [25] | 5.6k g* | 1.4kg | 59 v 60 |
| 4 Months [26] | 9.79k g* | 6.14kg | 20 v 20 |
| 8 Weeks [27] | 8.4k g* | 6.7kg | 32 v 28 |
| 12 Months [28] | 3.1k g | 3.1k g | 47 v 49 |
| 2 Y ears [29] | 6.34kg | 7.37k g | 154 v 153 |
| 24 Months [30] | 1.5k g | 0.2kg | 28 v 40 |
| 12 Weeks [31] | 6.8k g | 5.2kg | 18 v 15 |
| 12 Weeks [32] | 8.0k g* | 6.4kg | 24 v 21 |
| 1 Y ear [33] | 13.7k g | 13.7k g | 55 v 51 |
| 1 Y ear [34] | 5.1k g | 3.1kg | 62 v 64 |
| 48 Weeks [35] | 11.37k g | 9.62kg | 57 v 65 |
| 3 Months [36] | 5.0k g | 3.7kg | 63 v 66 |
| 24 Weeks [37] | 12.0k g | 11.5kg | 46 v 47 |
| 6 Months [38] | 6.0k g | 5.9kg | 57 v 174 |
| 1 Y ear [39] | 2.1kg | 3.0k g | 40 v 40 |
| 6 Weeks [40] | 6.1k g* | 3.9kg | 15 v 15 |
| 24 Weeks [41] | 7.1k g* | 4.7kg | 28 v 30 |
| 3 Months [42] | 7.6k g* | 4.3kg | 22 v 19 |
| 6 Months [43] | 4.3k g | 4.0kg | 29 v 30 |
| 6 Months [44] | 2.6k g | 1.4kg | 12 v 12 |
| 8 Weeks [45] | 7.4k g | 6.5kg | 12 v 12 |
| 6 Months [46] | 6.8k g | 5.6kg | 53 v 57 |
| 3 Months [47] | 3.4kg | 4.1k g | 150 v 150 |
| 12 Months [48] | 11.8k g* | 6.9kg | 55 v 55 |
| 1 Y ear [49] | 2.9kg | 3.7k g | 30 v 30 |
| 6 Months [50] | 8.5k g* | 3.5kg | 43 v 35 |
| 52 Weeks [51] | 9.8kg | 10.1k g | 41 v 37 |
| 6 Months [52] | 9.1k g | 8.9kg | 25 v 24 |
| 6 Months [53] | 8.0k g | 5.7kg | 21 v 17 |
| 6 Months [54] | 1.6k g* | 0.6kg | 30 v 32 |
| Totals : | 27/54 Ar e Sig. > | 0/54 Ar e Sig. > | 2101 v 2197 |
| 47/54 Are > LF | 5/54 Are > LC | ||
| (2 Ar e Equal) | |||
References:
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[2] A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity. Foster et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022207
[3] A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity. Samaha et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022637
[4] Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. Sondike et al. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347602402065
[5] The National Cholesterol Education Program Diet vs a Diet Lower in Carbohydrates and Higher in Protein and Monounsaturated Fat A Randomized Trial. Aude et al. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx? articleid=217514
[6] A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Yancy et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=717451
[7] Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Volek et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538279/
[8] Comparison of a Low-Fat Diet to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Free-Living, Overweight Men and Women.Meckling et al. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2003-031606
[9] Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high- fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Hernandez et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/3/578.long
[10] Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal Women Consuming a Low-Carbohydrate/High-Protein vs High-Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet. Nickols-Richardson et al.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000282230501151X/
[11] Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes—a randomized controlled trial. Daly et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01760.x/abstract
[12] Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Krauss et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/5/1025.full
[13] Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A RandomizedTrial. Gardner et al. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=205916
[14] Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive performance. Halyburton et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/3/580.long
[15] A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Dyson et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-
[16] The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Westman et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633336/
[17] Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. Shai et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
[18] Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. Keogh et al.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/3/567.long
[19] Metabolic Effects of Weight Loss on a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet Compared With an Isocaloric High- Carbohydrate Diet in Abdominally Obese Subjects. Tay et al.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109707032597
[20] Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet. Volek et al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-008-3274-2
[21] Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Brinkworth et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/1/23.long
[22] Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese
Adolescents. Krebs et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892194/
[23] In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Guldbrandet al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4/fulltext.html
[24] A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet Compared to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight or Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Prediabetes. Saslow et al.http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091027
[25] Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial. Bazzano et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694
[26] The Role of Energy Expenditure in the Differential Weight Loss in Obese Women on Low-Fat and Low- Carbohydrate Diets. Brehm et al. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1540
[27] Effects of a Low Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diet on Exercise Capacity and Tolerance in Obese Subjects. Brinkworth et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2009.134/full
[28] Comparative Study of the Effects of a 1-Year Dietary Intervention of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet on Weight and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Davis et al.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1147
[29] Weight and Metabolic Outcomes After 2 Years on a Low-Carbohydrate Versus Low-Fat Diet: A Randomized Trial. Foster et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745937
[30] Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants. Iqbal et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2009.460/full
[31] Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Ruth et al.http://www.metabolismjournal.com/article/S0026-0495(13)00223-0/abstract
[32] Comparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Noakes et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1368980/
[33] Long-term Effects of a Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Low-Fat Diet on Mood and Cognitive
Function. Brinkworth et al. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108558
[34] The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Stern et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148064
[35] A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs Orlistat Plus a Low-Fat Diet for Weight Loss. Yancy et al. 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101008
[36] A randomized controlled trial of low carbohydrate and low fat/high fiber diets for weight loss. Baron et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646726/
[37] A very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Tay et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071075
[38] Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC “diet trials”. Truby et al. http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7553/1309
[39] Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction:A Randomized Trial. Dansinger et al. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx? articleid=200094
[40] Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets Affect Fasting Lipids and Postprandial Lipemia Differently in
Overweight Men. Sharman et al. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/4/880.long
[41] Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. McAuley et al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-004-1603-4/fulltext.html
[42] Diet-Induced Weight Loss Is Associated with Decreases in Plasma Serum Amyloid A and C-Reactive Protein Independent of Dietary Macronutrient Composition in Obese Subjects. O’Brien et al.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2004-1011
[43] Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. Jonasson et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025600/
[44] A non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet is effective as an alternative therapy for patients with type
2 diabetes. Yamada et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24390522
[45] Low-Fat Versus Low-Carbohydrate Weight Reduction Diets Effects on Weight Loss, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Control Trial. Bradley et al.http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/12/2741.long
[46] Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women. Lean et al. http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v51/n4/abs/1600391a.html
[47] Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs9939609 gene variant. De Luis et al.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2323/abstract
[48] Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Flechtner-Mors et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1097/abstract
[49] Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no- intervention control. Lim et al. http://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(09)00124-0/abstract
[50] A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Seshadri et al.http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(04)00344-4/abstract
[51] Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Tay et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/07/29/ajcn.115.112581.abstract
[52] Weight loss on low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults and adults with obesity: A randomized pilot trial. Gardner et al.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.21331/abstract
[53] Metabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescents. Partsalaki et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155696
[54] A randomized controlled trial of 130 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. Sato et al. http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(16)30169-8/pdf
Para quem deseja mais evidências, disponibilizamos os seguintes links:
The scientific report guiding the US dietary guidelines: is it scientific?http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4962
Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/08/12/ajcn.115.113613.abstract
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, dos EUA (antiga ADA), a maior e mais importante associação de nutricionistas do mundo, fundada em 1917, escreveu uma carta aberta para o Comitê que está preparando as novas diretrizes nutricionais de 2015 (2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee). Confira o documento na íntegra aqui: http://www.eatrightpro.org/resource/advocacy/take-action/regulatory-comments/dgac-scientific-report
Low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet improves diastolic cardiac function and the metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese patients with type 2 diabetes
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214762413000078?cc=y
Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1846638
Brehm BJ, et al. A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617–1623.
Samaha FF, et al. A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2074–81.
Sondike SB, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. J Pediatr. 2003 Mar;142(3):253–8.
Aude YW, et al. The National Cholesterol Education Program Diet vs a Diet Lower in Carbohydrates and Higher in Protein and Monounsaturated Fat. A Randomized Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2141–2146.
Volek JS, et al. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutrition & Metabolism 2004, 1:13.
Yancy WS Jr, et al. A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia. A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:769–777.
Nichols-Richardsson SM, et al. Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal Women Consuming a Low-Carbohydrate/High- Protein vs High-Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:1433–1437.
Gardner CD, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and learn Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women. The a to z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:969–977.
Dyson PA, et al. A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2007 Dec;24(12):1430-5.
Shai I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008;359(3);229–41.
Krebs NF, et al. Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese Adolescents. J Pediatr 2010;157:252-8.
Summer SS, et al. Adiponectin Changes in Relation to the Macronutrient Composition of a Weight-Loss Diet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print]
Daly ME, et al. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes–a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2006 Jan;23(1):15–20.
Westman EC, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low- glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr. Metab (Lond.)2008 Dec 19;5:36.
Além dessas referências acima, você encontra muitas outras nesse arquivo aqui: http://www.atkins.com/AtkinsDotCom/media/Master/Published-Atkins-Supporting-Research-060413.pdf
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